Articles
The guides are the practical part of this archive: working explanations for a specific web development problem, written to show the decision as well as the answer. The subject varies, but the aim is consistent: enough context to use the technique sensibly rather than copy it blindly.
Object.keys(), Object.values(), and Object.entries() ExplainedObject.keys(), Object.values(), and Object.entries() explained for JavaScript objects, including iteration, snapshots, validation, and helper choice.
:before vs. ::before)CSS pseudo‑elements can use one or two colons. This guide explains :before, ::before, modern syntax, compatibility, and when each form matters.
box-sizing: Controlling the Element Box ModelUnderstand CSS box‑sizing and the box model, including content‑box, border‑box, width calculations, borders, padding, and layout surprises in real UI.
File‑system routing in Next.js explained clearly, including the pages directory, nested routes, index files, and why routing feels simpler than custom setups.
JavaScript hoisting explained through bindings, variable initialisation, function declarations and the temporal dead zone, with examples of early access.
Closures let JavaScript functions retain access to parent scope variables. Here, I explore closures, scope, and practical uses for cleaner, more efficient code.
Static methods vs. instance methods in JavaScript classes explained clearly, including when to use each, common mistakes, and how class APIs stay readable.
:hover Pseudo‑Class in CSSThe :hover pseudo‑class seems simple until touchscreens and accessibility get involved. This guide covers how it behaves and where it falls short.
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Mutation and immutability in JavaScript explained through arrays, objects, push(), splice(), shared references, UI bugs, and safer update patterns.
Array.includes() vs. indexOf() in JavaScriptCompare Array.includes() and indexOf() in JavaScript, including boolean checks, returned positions, NaN handling, readability, and membership tests.
Use CSS reduced‑motion preferences without losing content or feedback, with static‑first and targeted override patterns bounded to Safari‑first 2018 support.
React Portals explained with modals, overlays, and tooltips, including DOM placement, event bubbling, accessibility concerns, and when portals help.
Compare CSS and JavaScript animations, when to use each, and how to protect performance and accessibility with reduced motion and efficient properties.
Compare CSS transitions and keyframe animations, including hover effects, loading states, timing control, performance, and when each approach fits.
React Fragments explained through empty tags, keyed fragments, semantic markup, unnecessary wrapper divs, grouped list output, and layout side effects.
Understand CSS media queries for responsive design, including screen conditions, mobile‑first, and desktop‑first approaches, breakpoints, and device traits.
Improve website performance with practical HTML, CSS and JavaScript checks, from assets and rendering to scripts, measurement and Core Web Vitals.